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the increase in the swelling pressure from the start of imbibition to a minimum and maximum value corresponds to the phase of the gradual rise of the water front in the sample. in the wetland capillary pressure is very low and the swelling pressure is mainly due to the cut out pressure. in the "dry" areas (low water content), the capillary pressure is very high and tends to compress the medium. the evolution of imbibing is a gradual process, one can consider the medium to mechanical balance. therefore, this compression due to capillary effects against a considerable increase in the cut out pressure resulting from a combination of clay sheets locally.the appearance of the maximum can be explained by a water transfer micro pores of the nano pores, which increases the space between the layers thereby reducing the cut out pressure. this results in a decrease of the swelling pressure resulting from the two physical phenomena
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